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• Hit And Run – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS
• Reaffirm – Word Of The Day For IELTS
• IELTS READING PRACTICE TEST 36 WITH ANSWERS
• IELTS Writing Practice Test 35 (Task 1 & 2) & Sample Answers

Hit And Run – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS Posted: 12 Jan 2017 08:52 AM PST Hit And Run  – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS Speaking. Definition:  an accident where the driver who caused the accident leaves the scene of the accident, to escape punishment Example: “They caught the hit and run driver because someone saw his license number and called the police.” “He went to prison for hit and run.” “Luckily, a more concentrated police presence near busy intersections has cut down on the number of hit-and-runs over the past two years” Exercise:  Choose the suitable idiom to complete the sentence below. “Police are appealing for witnesses to help identify the ________________ driver of this morning’s fatal accident.“ A. took a bow B. throwing money down the drain C. hit and run D. a cash-flow problem Describe an accident that you have seen. Try to use this idiom in your speech. You should say: – What the accident was – When it happened – Who was involved in this accident And explain how did you feel about that

Reaffirm – Word Of The Day For IELTS Posted: 12 Jan 2017 01:07 AM PST Reaffirm – Word Of The Day For IELTS Speaking And Writing  Reaffirm /ˌriːəˈfɜːm/ (Verb) Meaning: to formally state an opinion, belief, or intention again, especially when someone has questioned you or expressed a doubt Synonyms: Reiterate, Restate Collocations: Reaffirm commitment Examples: The party reaffirmed its commitment to nuclear disarmament. The government has reaffirmed that education is a top priority. Teachers reaffirm their commitment to their pupils and schools. The participating States reaffirm that freedom of expression is a human right and a basic component of a democratic society. Exercises: Try to use this word “reaffirm” in your speech Describe a time that you and your friend had a disagreement. You should say: When this happened Who you disagreed with What you and your friend argued about and if you two solved the disagreement in the end. Sample Essay Well, recently I had a disagreement with one of my close friends. We were planning a long travel to the South several days later, but we were not sure how many people went there together. I suggested that we just went on the trip with two or three people together because it would be very difficult to organise the trip to meet different people's needs. But my friend insisted that we should go with a group of people because it would be more fun and secure. I admitted his opinion was reasonable but didn't want to compromise as I didn't want to take a risk to plan everything for so many people in such unfamiliar place, and I thought he didn't care. Ultimately, after the endless disagreement and even quarrels, I found myself couldn't express myself well and became more and more frustrated and less effective at explaining my feelings. So I left him that day without any results. The next day, after I calmed down again, I sent him a text message to tell him what I was concerning, attempting to reaffirm my opinion without angry or overly emotional exchanges. Finally, he replied to me that he understood my consideration now, and agreed with my plan. Quarrels: an angry argument or disagreement

IELTS READING PRACTICE TEST 36 WITH ANSWERS Posted: 12 Jan 2017 12:00 AM PST Section 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Prehistoric Cave Paintings Took up to 20,000 Years to Complete It may have taken Michelangelo four long years to paint his fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, but his earliest predecessors spent considerably longer perfecting their own masterpieces. Scientists have discovered that prehistoric cave paintings took up to 20,000 years to complete. Rather than being created in one session, as archaeologists previously thought, many of the works discovered across Europe were produced over hundreds of generations, who added to, refreshed and painted over the original pieces of art. Until now it has been extremely difficult to pinpoint when prehistoric cave paintings and carvings were created, but a pioneering technique is allowing researchers to date cave art accurately for the first time and show how the works were crafted over thousands of years. Experts now hope the technique will provide a valuable insight into how early human culture developed and changed as the first modern humans moved across Europe around 40,000 years ago. Dr Alistair Pike, an archaeologist at Bristol University who is leading the research, said:The art gives us a really intimate window into the minds of the individuals who produced it, but what we don’t know is exactly which individuals they were as we don't know exactly when the art was created. If we can date the art then we can relate that to the artefacts we find in the ground and start to link the symbolic thoughts of these individuals to where, when and how they were living.’ Hundreds of caves have been discovered across Europe with elaborate prehistoric paintings and carvings on their walls. It is thought the designs, which often depict scenes of animals, were created up to 40,000 years ago – some time after humans began moving from southern Europe into northern Europe during the last ice age. Traditional dating techniques have relied on carbon dating the charcoal and other pigment used in the paintings, but this can be inaccurate as it only gives the date the charcoal was created not when the work was crafted.’When you go into these caves today there is still charcoal lying on the ground, so the artists at the time could have been using old charcoal rather than making it fresh themselves,’ explained Dr Pike. ‘If this was the case, then the date for the painting would be very wrong. Taking samples for carbon dating also means destroying a bit of these precious paintings because you need to take away a bit of the pigment. For carvings, it is virtually impossible to date them as there is no organic pigment containing carbon at ail.’ The scientists have used their technique to date a series of famous Palaeolithic paintings in Altamira cave, northern Spain. Known as the ‘Sistine Chapel of the Palaeolithic’, the elaborate works were thought to date from around 14,000 years ago. But in research published by the Natural Environment Research Council's new website Planet Earth, Dr Pike discovered some of the paintings were between 25,000 and 35,000 years old. The youngest paintings in the cave were 11,000 years old. Dr Pike said:’We have found that most of these caves were not painted in one go, but the painting spanned up to 20,000 years.This goes against what the archaeologists who excavated in the caves found. It is probably the case that people did not live in the caves they painted. It seems the caves they lived in were elsewhere and there was something special about the painted caves.’ Dr Pike and his team were able to date the paintings using a technique known as uranium series dating, which was originally developed by geologists to date rock formations such as stalactites and stalagmites in caves. As water seeps through a cave, it carries extremely low levels of dissolved radioactive uranium along with the mineral calcium carbonate. Over time small amounts of calcium carbonate are deposited to form a hard layer over the paintings and this layer also traps the uranium. Due to its radioactive properties, the uranium slowly decays to become another element known as thorium. By comparing the ratio of uranium to thorium in the thin layers on top of the cave art, the researchers were able to calculate the age of the paintings. The researchers have also applied their technique to engravings found in rocks around Creswell Crags in Derbyshire, which are Britain's only examples of ice age cave art. They proved the engravings were made at least 12,000 years ago. Professor Pablo Arias, an expert on Palaeolithic cave art at the University of Cantabria, Spain, said: ‘Until about ten years ago it was only possible to date cave art by using the style of the figures, but this new technique developed by Bristol University allows that date to be accurately bracketed. We want to study how the people of the time behaved and how they felt and Palaeolithic art gives us a way of looking at the type of symbols that were important to them, so we need to know when the people who were making the art actually lived.’ Questions 1 -5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? Write TRUE                    if the statement agrees with the information FALSE                   if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN         if there is no information on this 1   Cave paintings inspired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 2   It now seems that cave paintings were painted in one go and then left untouched. 3   Dr Pike is focusing on dating artefacts found on the ground in the caves. 4   There are a number of disadvantages to using carbon dating to date paintings and carvings. 5   The Altamira cave contains more cave paintings than any other cave in Europe. Questions 6-8 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 6   Dr Pike believes that A most caves remained undiscovered for thousands of years. B archaeologists should not have excavated the caves at all. C the caves were uninhabited but were treated as important. D the paintings were painted by the people living in the caves. 7   Uranium series dating A was previously used for other purposes. B is a technique which was invented by Dr Pike. C relies on the presence of stalactites in the caves. D only works with caves which are underwater. 8   Professor Pablo Arias A is sceptical about the benefits of the new dating technique. B is enthusiastic about what the new technique will achieve. C used the technique to successfully date Creswell Crags. D believes it is necessary only to study the symbols in the art. Questions 9-14 What is said about each of these things found in the caves? Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-H next to Questions 9-14.   A When this is removed, it damages the painting. B This can damage the stalactites and stalagmites in the caves. C Over time, this turns into a different element. D We could determine when it was made, but not when it was used. E This is produced as a result of radioactive decay. F Scientists used to think that this was a mineral. G This contains no carbon-based elements at all. H This can act as a firm coating over something. 9    charcoal 10   pigment 11   carving 12   uranium 13   calcium carbonate 14   thorium Section 2 Children Tested to Destruction? English primary school pupils subjected to more tests than in any other country English primary school pupils have to deal with unprecedented levels of pressure as they face tests more frequently, at a younger age, and in more subjects than children from any other country, according to one of the biggest international education inquiries in decades. The damning indictment of England’s primary education system revealed that the country’s children are now the most tested in the world. From their very earliest days at school they must navigate a set-up whose trademark is’high stakes’testing, according to a recent report Parents are encouraged to choose schools for their children based on league tables of test scores. But this puts children under extreme pressure which could damage their motivation and self-esteem, as well as encouraging schools to’teach to the test’at the expense of pupils’wider learning, the study found. The findings are part of a two-year inquiry – led by Cambridge University – into English primary schools. Other parts of the UK and countries such as France, Norway and Japan used testing but it was,’less intrusive, less comprehensive, and considerably less frequent’, Cambridge’s Primary Review concluded. England was unique in using testing to control what is taught in schools, to monitor teaching standards and to encourage parents to choose schools based on the results of the tests, according to Kathy Flail, from the National University of Ireland in Cork, and Kamil Ozerk, from the University of Oslo, who conducted the research. ‘Assessment in England, compared to our other reviewed countries, is pervasive, highly consequential, and taken by officialdom and the public more generally to portray objectively the actual quality of primary education in schools,’their report concluded. Teachers’leaders said the testing regime was ‘past its sell-by date’and called for a fundamental review of assessment. Steve Sinnott, General Secretary of the National Union of Teachers, said England’s testing system was having a’devastating’impact on schools.’Uniquely, England is a country where testing is used to police schools and control what is taught,’ he said. ‘When it comes to testing in England, the tail wags the dog. It is patently absurd that even the structure and content of education is shaped by the demands of the tests. I call on the Government to initiate a full and independent review of the impact of the current testing system on schools and on children’s learning and to be prepared to dismantle a system which is long past its sell-by date.’ John Dunford, General Secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, warned that the tests were having a damaging effect on pupils. The whole testing regime is governed by the need to produce league tables,’ he said. ‘It has more to do with holding schools to account than helping pupils to progress.’ The fear that many children were suffering intolerable stress because of the tests was voiced by Mick Brookes, General Secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers. There are schools that start rehearsing for key stage two SATs [Standard Assessment Tests] from the moment the children arrive in September. That’s just utterly ridiculous,’he said. There are other schools that rehearse SATs during Christmas week.These are young children we are talking about They should be having the time of their lives at school not just worrying about tests. It is the breadth and richness of the curriculum that suffers. The consequences for schools not reaching their targets are dire – heads can lose their jobs and schools can be closed down. With this at stake it’s not surprising that schools let the tests take over’. David Laws, the Liberal Democrat schools spokesman, said:The uniquely high stakes placed on national tests mean that many primary schools have become too exam focused.’ However, the Government rejected the criticism. The idea that children are over-tested is not a view that the Government accepts,’a spokesman said. The reality is that children spend a very small percentage of their time in school being tested. Seeing that children leave school up to the right standard in the basics is the highest priority of the Government.’ In another child-centred initiative, both major political parties in the UK – Labour and the Conservatives – have announced plans to make Britain more child-friendly following a report by UNICEF which ranked the UK the worst place to be a child out of 21 rich nations. Parents were warned that they risked creating a generation of’battery-farmed children’ by always keeping them indoors to ensure their safety. The family’s minister, Kevin Brennan, called for an end to the’cotton wool’culture and warned that children would not learn to cope with risks if they were never allowed to play outdoors. Questions 15-19 Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 15   According to the inquiry, the amount of testing puts a lot of on young children. 16   The education report describes testing in England as 17   Parents often select their childrens schools after studying test results in_______________. 18   Kathy Hall and Kamil Ozerk believe testing in England is also used to evaluate ____________ in schools. 19   The major political parties have promised to make Britain in view of the UNICEF report. Questions 20-23 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? Write TRUE                 if the statement agrees with the information FALSE                if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN      if there is no information on this 21   According to John Dunford, children would make more progress with much shorter and easier tests. 20   Steve Sinnott says what is taught at school should be more tightly controlled. 22   Mick Brookes wants to see earlier student preparation for SATs. 23   David Laws agrees with the opinions of Mick Brookes. Questions 24-27 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 24   What does the government argue? A There is not enough testing at present. B Tests at primary school are too easy. C Tests are not given too frequently. D Teachers should take more tests. 25   The government spokesman A is extremely critical of the way exams are written. B accepts many of the points made by the teachers' leaders. C thinks education is what the government is most interested in. D argues it is the teachers' fault that students are tested so much. 26   According to UNICEF, children in the UK A often spend too much time in the worst kind of places. B are not so well behaved as in other countries. C are not as rich as children in 21 other countries. D could be having much more fulfilling childhoods. 27   What is the point Kevin Brennan makes? A Children use too many electrical devices. B Children would learn by being outside more. C Its too risky for children to be outside on their own. D The most important thing is childrens safety. Section 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Three ways to Levitate a Magic Carpet It sounds like a science fiction joke, but it isn’t. What do you get when you turn an invisibility cloak on its side? A mini flying carpet. So say physicists who believe the same exotic materials used to make cloaking devices could also be used to levitate tiny objects. In a further breakthrough, two other research groups have come a step closer to cracking the mysteries of levitation. Scientists have levitated objects before, most famously using powerful magnetic fields to levitate a frog. But that technique, using the repulsive force of a giant magnet, requires large amounts of energy. In contrast, the latest theories exploit the natural smaller amounts of energy produced by the quantum fluctuations of empty space. In May 2006, two research teams led by Ulf Leonhardt at St Andrew’s University, UK, and John Pendry at Imperial College, London, independently proposed that an invisibility cloak could be created from exotic materials with abnormal optical properties. Such a cloaking device – working in the microwave region – was manufactured later that year. The device was formed from so-called ‘meta materia Is’ exotic materials made from complex arrays of metal units and wires. The metal units are smaller than the wavelength of light and so the materials can be engineered to precisely control how electromagnetic light waves travel around them. They can transform space, tricking electromagnetic waves into moving along directions they otherwise wouldn’t,’says Leonhardt. Leonhardt and his colleague Thomas Philbin, also at St Andrew’s University, realised that this property could also be exploited to levitate extremely small objects. They propose inserting a metamaterial between two so-called Casimir plates. When two such plates are brought very close together, the vacuum between them becomes filled with quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. As two plates are brought closer together, fewer fluctuations can occur within the gap between them, but on the outer sides of the plates, the fluctuations are unconstrained. This causes a pressure difference on either side of the plates, forcing the plates to stick together, in a phenomenon called the Casimir effect. Leonhardt and Philbin believe that inserting a section of metamaterial between the plates will disrupt the quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. In particular, metamaterials have a negative refractive index, so that electromagnetic light waves entering a metamaterial bend in the opposite way than expected, says Leonhardt.That will cause the Casimir force to act in the opposite direction – forcing the upper plate to levitate. The work will appear in the New Journal of Physics. Federico Capasso, an expert on the Casimir effect at Harvard University in Boston, is impressed.’Using metamaterials to reverse the Casimir effect is a very clever idea,’ he says. However, he points out that because metamaterials are difficult to engineer, it's unlikely that they could be used to levitate objects in the near future. But there are good signs that quantum levitation could be achieved much sooner, by other methods. Umar Mohideen at the University of California Riverside and his colleagues have successfully manipulated the strength of the Casimir force by increasing the reflectivity of one of the plates, so that it reflects virtual particles more efficiently. Modifying the strength of the Casimir force is the first step towards reversing it, says team member Galina Klimchitskaya at North-West Technical University in St Petersburg, Russia. Capasso and his colleagues have also been working on an alternative scheme to harness a repulsive Casimir effect Their calculations show that a repulsive Casimir force could be set up between a 42.7 micrometre-wide gold-coated polystyrene sphere and a silicon dioxide plate, if the two are immersed in ethanol. ‘Although the Casimir force between any two substances – the ethanol and gold, the gold and the silicon dioxide, or the silicon dioxide and the ethanol – is positive, the relative strengths of attraction are different, and when you combine the materials, you should see the gold sphere levitate,’ he says. Capasso's early experiments suggest that such repulsion could occur, and that in turn could be used to levitate one object above another.’It's very early work, and we still need to make certain this is really happening, but we are slowly building up experimental evidence for quantum levitation,’says Capasso, who presented his results at a conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics in Rochester, New York, in June. This is a very exciting experimental result because it is the first demonstration that we can engineer a repulsive Casimir force,’ says Leonhardt. Questions 28-32 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? Write YES                                      if the statement agrees with the writers claims NO                                       if the statement contradicts the writers claims NOT GIVEN                      if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 28  A mini flying carpet is a possibility according to some scientists. 29   Cloaking devices can be used for levitation. 30   Scientists now know all about levitation. 31   Things can be transported from place to place using empty space technology. 32   The most recent research into levitation has made use of large magnets. Questions 33-37 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 33   Ulf Leonhardt and John Pendry A worked together on a project in 2006. B both came up with the same idea. C invented the microwave oven. D used only basic objects in their research. 34   Metamaterials are A similar to light, but with a smaller wavelength. B a combination of simple metals and wires. C able to change where electromagnetic waves go. D engineered when light waves travel around them. 35   The importance of the Casimir effect is that it A doesn't require a vacuum in order to work. B increases the number of plates that can be used. C creates large and frequent fluctuations. D creates pressure difference and stickiness. 36   Leonhardt and Philbin think that putting a metamaterial between two plates will A cause the top plate to rise above the bottom plate. B stop electromagnetic light waves bending. C stop the Casimir force from working. D not affect electromagnetic fluctuations. 36   Why is it important to change the strength of the Casimir force? A to reflect the plates B to help reverse the force C to see virtual particles better D to enable other scientists to progress Questions 38-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F below. 38  Capasso is unconvinced that 39   Capasso has calculated that 40   Capasso has admitted that A gold can be used to produce levitation. B a particular type of ethanol has to be used. C the levitation will last for only a few seconds. D using metamaterials will help lead to levitation in the short term. E his experiment will be extremely costly to perform. F his idea is still only a theory. ANSWER KEY FOR IELTS READING PRACTICE TEST 1   NOT GIVEN 2  FALSE because it says in paragraph 1: 'Rather than being created in one session, as archaeologists previously thought, many of the works discovered across Europe were produced over hundreds of generations, who added to, refreshed and painted over the original pieces of art* 3  FALSE because it says in paragraph 3: 'If we can date the art then we can relate that to the artefacts we find in the ground* 4  TRUE because it says in paragraph 5: 'this can be inaccurate*; 'Taking samples for carbon dating also means destroying a bit of these precious paintings because you need to take away a bit of the pigment.*; 'For carvings, it is virtually impossible to date as there is no organic pigment containing carbon at all * 5   NOT GIVEN 6  C because it says in paragraph 6: 'It is probably the case that people did not live in the caves they painted. It seems the caves they lived In were elsewhere and there was something special about the painted caves' 7  A because it says in paragraph 7: 'uranium series dating, which was originally developed by geologists to date rock formations'. 8  B because it says in paragraph 8: 'this new technique developed by Bristol allows that date to be accurately bracketed’. 9  D because it says in paragraph 3: 'it only gives the date the charcoal was created not when the work was crafted’. 10  A because it says in paragraph 5: 'destroying a bit of these precious paintings because you need to take away a bit of the pigment’. 11  G because it says in paragraph 5: 'For carvings, it is virtually impossible to date them as there is no organic pigment containing carbon at all.' 12  C because it says in paragraph 7: 'uranium slowly decays to become another element known as thorium' 13  H because it says in paragraph 7: 'small amounts of calcium carbonate are deposited to form a hard layer over the paintings'. 14  E because it says in paragraph 7: 'the uranium slowly decays to become another element known as thorium'. 15  pressure 16  high stakes 17  league tables 18  teaching standards 19  more child-friendly 20  FALSE because he says in paragraph 4: 'England is a country where testing is used to police schools and control what is taught' and he says that this is 'devastating' suggesting he thinks there should be less control over what is taught, not more. 21  NOT GIVEN 22  FALSE because in paragraph 6 he opposes early preparation: 'There are schools that start rehearsing for key stage two SATs [Standard Assessment Tests) from the moment the children arrive in September. That's just utterly ridiculous,' he said. 23  TRUE because in paragraph 7 he says: 'many primary schools have become too exam focused'. This is the same point Mick Brookes makes in paragraph 6: 'They should be having the time of their lives at school not just worrying about tests.' 24  C because in paragraph 7 it says: 'The idea that children are over-tested is not a view that the government accepts.' 25  C because it says in paragraph 7: 'Seeing that children leave school up to the right standard in the basics is the highest priority of government.’ 26  D because it says in paragraph 8: 'a report by Unicef which ranked the UK the worst place to be a child out of 21 rich nations'. 27  B because in paragraph 8 it says: he 'warned that children would not learn to cope with risks if they were never allowed to play outdoors'. 28  YES because in paragraph 1 it says: 'So say physicists who believe the same exotic materials… could also be used to levitate tiny objects.' 29  NO because in paragraph 1 it says: 'the same exotic materials used to make cloaking devices'. It is the materials that are used, rather than the cloaking devices themselves. 30  NO because in paragraph 1 it says: 'two other research groups have come a step closer to cracking the mysteries of levitation, suggesting there is still much to learn. 31  NOT GIVEN The reference to empty space' in paragraph 2 is concerned with levitation – raising and keeping an object up – rather than transporting things from place to place. 32  NO because in paragraph 2 it says: 'In contrast' – this is in contrast to 'using powerful magnets'; 'the latest theories exploit the natural amounts of energy produced by the quantum fluctuations of empty space.' 33  B because it says in paragraph 3 that they 'independently proposed' the idea. 34  C because in paragraph 4 it says: 'They can transform space, tricking electromagnetic waves into moving along directions they otherwise wouldn't.' 35  D because it says in paragraph 5: 'this causes a pressure difference on either side of the plates, forcing the plates to stick together, in a phenomenon called the Casimir effect.' 36  A because it says in paragraph 6: 'forcing the upper plate to levitate’. 37  B because it says in paragraph 8: 'Modifying the strength of the Casimir force is the first step towards reversing it.' 38  D because it says in paragraph 7: 'he points out that because metamaterials are difficult to engineer, it's unlikely that they could be used to levitate objects in the near future.' 39  A because it says in paragraph 9: 'when you combine the materials, you should see the gold sphere levitate.' 40  F because it says in paragraph 10: 'It’s very early work, and we still need to make certain this is really happening’.

IELTS Writing Practice Test 35 (Task 1 & 2) & Sample Answers Posted: 11 Jan 2017 10:34 PM PST IELTS Writing Topic: WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The pie charts below give information about the composition of household rubbish in the United Kingdom in two different years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some people believe that using animals to test the safety of human medicines is cruel and unwarranted, whereas others feel it is a medical necessity. Discuss both views and state vour own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. SAMPLE ANSWERS Task 1 Model Answer The different components of household rubbish in the United Kingdom in 1985 and 2002 are shown in the two pie charts. The percentage of kitchen/organic waste jumped from 28% in 1985 to 44% in 2002, representing the greatest increase in that time. In contrast, paper waste was significantly reduced from 36% in 1985 to 16% in 2002. The proportion made up of plastic waste remained the same in both years at 7%. Similarly, the percentages of wood and textile waste remained relatively stable at 5% (wood) and 3% (textiles) in 1985 and at 6% and 2% in 2002 respectively. The miscellaneous category which appeared in the 2002 pic chart did not feature in Ac 1985 pic chart. Also, the category of dust and cinders, which represented 8% of household rubbish in 1985, disappeared from the 2002 breakdown. In general, the proportions of most categories of household waste remained similar from 1985 to 2002, but the two major changes were represented by increased kitchcn /organic waste and rcduccd paper waste. (168 words) Task 2 Model Answer Animal testing has become a highly controversial debate in recent years, with strong and emotive arguments presented on both sides. The view that testing medicines on animals is necessary is supported by those who argue that if not animals, then who? Animals are seen as the only logical testing population close enough to humans to accurately identify and test the efficacy of different types of medicines, including those involved in cancer treatment, and other potentially life-saving drugs. Furthermore, there is the notion that animals do not feel or experience pain and suffering in the same ways that humans do, and that all research on animals is ethically conducted to minimise any pain that is felt. However, the other side of the debate revolves around the argument that animals do experience pain and suffering, and it is simply unacceptable to subjcct them to medical testing. Also, opponents of medical testing on animals point out that the results are not necessarily reliable when applied to human populations: even though as mammals we might be very similar, we are not the same. This brings into question the entire philosophical base behind testing medicine on animals. There is also the moral question of whether we humans actually have the right to subject animals to testing and inhumane experiments against their will. In my opinion, the use of animals for medical testing should be avoided at all costs, as I feel that animals deserve human's respect and kindness. Alternatives to medical testing on animals must be sought (252 words)

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