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- Grammar For IELTS: Expressions Of Quantity
- IELTS Writing Actual Test In May, 2016 & Band 9 Sample
- IELTS Cue Card Sample 33 – Topic: A house/apartment you like to live in
- Restrict – Word Of The Day For IELTS
- IELTS Listening Practice Test 38
- Have Egg On Your Face – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS
- IELTS Writing Practice Test 9 From IELTS Practice Plus 03
Grammar For IELTS: Expressions Of Quantity Posted: 12 Sep 2016 04:45 AM PDT Quantity expressions can be troublesome when it comes to subject-verb agreement. The rules below govern quantity expressions with both singular and plural verbs.
One of the presidential candidates is in town today. Three of my classes were cancelled yesterday!
I looked at all the paintings. None is interesting to me. None of the paintings is interesting to me. (formal)
Informal use only: None of the paintings are interesting to me.
Exercise 1: Look around your classroom as you complete these sentences. Be sure to consider quantity when choosing a verb. The first one has been done for you.
Exercise 2: As you read the paragraph, underline the correct form of the verb twice in parentheses
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IELTS Writing Actual Test In May, 2016 & Band 9 Sample Posted: 12 Sep 2016 02:30 AM PDT IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic:Nowadays, young people admire sports stars though they often do not set a good example. Do you think this is a positive or negative development? Band 9 Model Answer:In recent years there has been a growing tendency for the younger generation to look up to sports stars as role models. Although not all famous athletes set a good example, I believe that the majority do have a positive influence on the behaviour of youngsters. From an individual perspective, an adolescent may idolise a well-known sportsperson who has many good qualities. No successful sports star makes it to the top without years of dedication to training and a healthy lifestyle. A youngster who seeks to emulate David Beckham or Serena Williams will be inspired to join a sports club and work out regularly at the gym as a step on the ladder of success. Other sportspeople have shown determination to overcome injuries or illness, another admirable quality that may motivate some young people to deal with such setbacks in their own lives. The Paralympic Games, for example, are watched on TV worldwide, and disabled youngsters can draw inspiration from athletes in wheelchairs or with artificial limbs competing at the highest level. From a social perspective, there are many examples of sports stars who provide a moral lesson for youngsters to follow. Cristiano Ronaldo is one of the most idolised football superstars in the world, but he still finds time to support charity events and inspire his fans to join charitable campaigns. Even negative examples of sports stars who have cheated to reach the top serve as moral lessons for young people. The cyclist Lance Armstrong, who was found guilty of taking performance-enhancing drugs, was publicly shamed, though he had once been a hero because of his personal fight against cancer. In conclusion, youngsters are influenced in positive ways by their admiration for sports celebrities and the example of fitness, dedication and sometimes altruism set by those stars. (298 words) Vocabulary: Look up to | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IELTS Cue Card Sample 33 – Topic: A house/apartment you like to live in Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:11 AM PDT IELTS Cue Card for IELTS Speaking Part 2:Describe a house or apartment you would like to live in. BAND 9.0 SAMPLE ANSWER: Today I am going to share with you a description of my ideal apartment that I would like to live in. Since I live in a big city, it is probably more convenient to buy a condo in a building complex. I prefer a cozy place, so, I would expect it to be not too big, about 90 to 100 square meters, with 2 bedrooms and 2 balconies. In my opinion, this size is perfect for a small family of parents and one child. When it comes to cleaning the house, you would not feel discouraged by all the chores you have to do. It would be great if my apartment overlooked [1] a river or bridge, and it should be located on a high floor like the 10th or above. As a person who loves color and nature, I would decorate my house with a lot of paintings and plants. I would make a hanging garden in one of my balconies [2] and put small chairs and tables out, so that I could sit there and enjoy my small garden. I would use yellow -tinted bulbs and lamps all over the apartment to make it cozier. If I got the chance [1], I would love to make my dream apartment become a reality as soon as possible, because I have always wanted to move out of my parents‟ house. Owning an apartment would allow me to do whatever I want, whenever I want. VOCABULARY | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restrict – Word Of The Day For IELTS Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:00 AM PDT Restrict – Word Of The Day For IELTS Speaking And WritingRestrict: (Verb) /rɪˈstrɪkt/ Definition:To limit or control the size, amount, or range of something. Synonyms:Inhibit, Narrow, Restrain Collocations:With adverb: more/ severely restrict Example:For IELTS Speaking: For IELTS Writing: Exercise:Choose the following words to fill in the blank: design, range, itemized, perceived, conducted, restricts, administered, finalized, chapter, survey.
Answer key Check out Vocabulary for IELTS Speaking & Writing on IELTS Material website to improve your vocabulary for IELTS and get a high score in IELTS. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IELTS Listening Practice Test 38 Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:00 AM PDT SECTION 1Questions 1-4Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Which documents could Sam use as proof of her name? Example passport 1 ……………………………. 2 ……………………………. Which could she use as proof of her address? council tax bill 3 ……………………………. phone bill (fixed line) 4 ……………………………. Questions 5-7Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR NUMBERS for each answer. Name of bank? Savings Bank Open which days? Monday-Friday Opening hours? 5 ……………………………. Where? 6 ……………………………. Free gift? 7 ……………………………. Questions 8-10Match the places in Questions 8-10 to the appropriate letters A-H on the map. 8 Royal Bank ________ 9 Northern Bank. ________ 10 National Bank. ________ SECTION 2Questions 11-14Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Questions 15-20Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. At the interview Arrive no more than 15…………………………….before the time of the interview. After you hear the question, you can 16…………………………….before you reply. You can 17…………………………….if you don't understand what they're asking you. Wait for them to offer you the job before you say what 18……………………………. you want. Learning from the experience will make you more 19…………………………….in future interviews. Pay attention to your 20…………………………….- it shows you have a positive attitude. SECTION 3Questions 21-24Complete the summary below by writing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in the spaces provided. To many employers, academic success and personal development as a result of being at 21…………………………….can be as important as course content, so choose 22…………………………….modules that you may do well in. You should, however, think more carefully about your choice if your course is 23 …………………………….. In this case the course normally includes all the modules necessary for professional training, but if you are in any doubt check with your academic department or the 24…………………………….at the university. Questions 25-29Write the appropriate letters A-C against questions 25-29. Which modules have the following features? A Applied Chemical Engineering B Fluid Mechanics C Chemical Engineering: Science 1 25 developing computer skills ………… 26 exemption from part of a module ………… 27 assessment by formal examination ………… 28 developing speaking and writing skills ………… 29 learning through problem-solving …………. Question 30 30 Which chart shows the percentage of private study time on the Spanish 1A module? SECTION 4Questions 31-33Label the diagram. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Questions 34-36Choose from letters A-C and write them on your answer sheet. 34 The crater at Acraman is A nowadays entirely covered by sea water. B one of the most beautiful on Karth. C less spectacular than others in Australia. 35 Williams realised what had happened at Acraman when he A saw pictures of the area taken from above. B visited Acraman for the first time in 1980. C noticed a picture of the crater in a textbook. 36 Where was rock from Acraman found? A Only in the Flinders mountains. B At several placcs over 300 km from Acraman. C At a place 500 km from Acraman, but nowhere else. Questions 37-40Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 37 What made the sea water shake?……………………………. 38 What threw the pebbles into the air?……………………………. 39 What was mixed with silt to form a layer of rock?……………. 40 What shaped the ripples on top of the rock?……………………. Answer key
BONUS EXERCISE: GAP-FILLING The texts below are transcript for your IELTS Listening Practice Test. To make the most out of this transcript, we removed some words from the texts and replaced with spaces. You has to fill each space with the missing word by listening to the audio for this IELTS listening practice test. Section 1 TERRY Expats Helpline; Terry Davies here. What can I do for you? SAM Hello Terry, I've been in this country for a while and I've just been [………………………………]a job in the city, so I think I'm going to need to open a [………………………………]. I haven't had one before, so I'm wondering what papers I need. TERRY Well basically you'll need to be able to [………………………………]to the bank that you're who you say you are and that you live where you say you do, OK? SAM Uh-huh. TERRY And for some banks, at least, that means you'll have to show them two [………………………………]pieces of [………………………………], so I'll run through the list if you like. SAM Yes, please. TERRY OK, I'll bring it up on the screen. Let's see … here it is … right, the first thing it says is 'a valid [………………………………]. SAM Mine's Australian. TERRY Yes, that would be fine of course. The next one is 'a [………………………………], and again one from your country would be OK. Then that's followed by 'birth [………………………………]… oh hang on, that's only if you're under 18. SAM Which I'm not. TERRY Right, so not that then. But you can also show them a '[………………………………]book', for instance if you're in [………………………………]or unemployed or getting income support. SAM Yes, I could bring that. Or a letter from my employer, maybe? TERRY Well that's not actually on the list; so we'll have to [………………………………]you can't. SAM OK. And to prove where I live? TERRY Again, there are several possible things listed here. For instance you could use a bill for [………………………………], or something else for where you live, such as an insurance [………………………………]. SAM I’ve got one of those. Somewhere among all my papers. But what about bills? Things like phone bills, I mean. TERRY As long as it has your address on it, yes, fine. SAM So a bill for my mobile would do, would it? TERRY Ah – I’m afraid it would have to be for a fixed line phone. You could use other types of [………………………………]bill, though. As long as you get them through the post. SAM How about an electricity bill? That'll say where I live, won't it? TERRY If it's in your name, and not that of a er… [………………………………], yes. SAM It is, so I’ll probably take that then. TERRY There's one other you might want to use: a 'vehicle [………………………………]document'. If you have a car or motorbike or something, of course. SAM No I haven’t, actually. SAM Now I believe there's a bank actually inside the [………………………………], and I might open an account there, seeing as how that’s where I'll be every day. TERRY Yes, that would seem to make sense. I know people who bank there. SAM I actually read about it in a city [………………………………]– my cousin picked it up when he was here a couple of years ago – and hmadc a few notes. Do you mind if I run through them with you now, just to make sure the details haven’t [………………………………]? TERRY Fine – go ahead. SAM OK, first question: it's still a [………………………………] of the Popular Bank, is it, the one with links to Australian banks? TERRY No, it's actually been taken over by another big banking group: the [………………………………]. It still seems quite popular, though, especially with people doing business in the Asia/Pacific area. SAM And when is it open? Monday to Saturday? TERRY I’ll have to check their [………………………………]for that. Give me a second or two, will you. SAM Sure. TERRY Right, I've got it … '[………………………………]service'… and it’s … just weekdays. I'm afraid. SAM Does it say what their business hours are? TERRY I'm just looking for that, it’s on a different page for some reason … I think there’s been a change at some banks in the last year or so … yes here it is … it's open from [………………………………]in the morning till half past three in the afternoon. SAM And it's on the top floor of the main Centre building is it, next to the [………………………………]? TERRY That's where it used to be, but they've since moved it to a [………………………………]bigger place. It's on the ground floor now. SAM And one last thing on this: I know most banks give [………………………………]to young people to open accounts with them, but [………………………………]this one didn't. Do you know if they are offering anything these days? TERRY I'll just check … I'm sure they'd say so on their 'new clients' page if they were … no, there's nothing [………………………………]there. SAM That's a pity. I was quite looking forward to getting my free gift! TERRY There are plenty of other banks within walking distance you know. It may be worth shopping around to see what they've got to offer: longer opening hours, including Saturdays, perhaps less [………………………………]… SAM Can you tell me how to get to a couple of them? I know where the Commercial Centre is, so that's probably my best starting place. TERRY Sure. For the Royal Bank you need to turn left when you leave the Centre, go along Market Street past the Post Office, and turn left up Bridge Street, past the [………………………………]. Then you take the first right. You'll see an Internet café on the other side and the [………………………………]is just a bit further along on the right, directly [………………………………]the Park Hotel. SAM OK, I've got that. What about the Northern Bank? TERRY For that one you turn right as you come out of the Centre, and go along Market Street until you come to the [………………………………]with West Street. There^you turn right again, and carry on up as far as the next junction, where you take a left. You'll see the bank from there: it's the [………………………………] on the right. SAM Fine. And the last one, the National Bank? TERRY You can go either way from the Centre, really: up West Street or Bridge Street and then along past City Hall. The bank is on the other side of the road, right next to the Tourist Office. You can't miss it. SAM Great. Thanks a lot for you help. TERRY Any time. Bye. SAM Bye
Section 2 PRESENTER Today I have with me Sandy Richardson of the local Workforce Center, and she’ll be talking about that [………………………………]step towards the goal of employment: the interview. Sandy, what is an interview for, and what's the best way to [………………………………]it? SANDY A job interview is simply a meeting between you and a [………………………………]employer to discuss your [………………………………]and see if there is a 'fit'. The employer wants to verify what they know about you and talk about your qualifications. If you have been called for an [………………………………], you can assume that the employer is interested in you. The employer has a need that you may be able to meet, so it's your goal to [………………………………]that need and [………………………………]the employer that you're the one for the job. As everyone knows, interviews can be [………………………………], but when you're well prepared there's no reason to panic. Preparation is the key to success in a job search, and you can begin by collecting together all the documents you may need for the interview, such as extra copies of your [………………………………], lists of [………………………………], and letters of [………………………………]. You could also take some work samples, selecting from what you have designed, drawn or written, for instance. And make sure you have a pen and pad of paper for taking notes. The next step is to find out about the post. The more you know about the job, the employer and the [………………………………], the better prepared you will be to [………………………………]your qualifications. Always request a job [………………………………]from the employer, and research employer profiles at the Chamber of Commence or local library. You could also try to network with people who work for the company, or with employees of companies [………………………………]with it. The next step is to match your qualifications to the [………………………………]of the job. A good approach is to write out your [………………………………]along with the job requirements. Think about some standard interview questions and how you might respond. Most questions are [………………………………]to find out more about you, your qualifications or to test your [………………………………]in a given situation. If you don't have any experience or skills in a required area, think about how you might [………………………………]for those deficiencies. Sandy During an interview it's important that you be yourself. Get a good night's sleep and plan your travel to be there in plenty of time, so that you're not arriving out of breath with [………………………………]to spare. Don't, though, present yourself for the interview too early: [………………………………]at most. In the interview, listen carefully to each question asked. Take your time in [………………………………]and make sure your answers are [………………………………]. It's important to express a good [………………………………]and show that you are willing to work, eager to learn and are [………………………………]. If you are unsure of a question, don't be [………………………………]to ask for [………………………………]. In fact, it's sometimes a good [………………………………]is to close a response with a question for the interviewer. In general, focus on your qualifications and look for [………………………………]to personalize the interview. Briefly answer questions with examples of how you [………………………………]in comparable situations, from either your life or previous job experiences. Something you should avoid are 'yes' or 'no' responses to questions, but don’t [………………………………]too long on non-job related topics. Use caution if you are questioned about your [………………………………]requirements. The best strategy is to avoid the question until you have been offered a job. Questions about salary asked before there is a job offer are usually [………………………………]questions that may [………………………………]you from consideration, so be warned. On the other hand, it isn't [………………………………]to show your enthusiasm if your first [………………………………]of the interview and of the employer are good ones, so, if the job sounds like what you are looking for – say so. Keep in mind that the interview is not over when you are asked if you have any questions. Come prepared to ask a couple of [………………………………]questions that again show your knowledge and interest in the job. Close the interview in the same friendly, positive [………………………………]in which you started. When the interview is over, leave [………………………………]. Don't overstay your time. Think about the interview and learn from the experience. Evaluate the success and [………………………………]. The more you learn from the interview, the easier the next one will become. You'll become much more [………………………………]. To close, here are a few more tips. First, maintain good eye contact throughout the interview, and be aware of [………………………………]body language. Second, dress a step above what you would wear on the job, go to the [………………………………], have a shave, et cetera. Remember that your appearance is a key [………………………………]of whether you have the right [………………………………], so it can pay to give some thought to how you look. And, finally, don't be a clock watcher!
Section 3 TUTOR As you know, this week you choose your modules for the first year of study, so this introductory meeting is aimed at helping you make [………………………………]choices. I think the best way to do this is on a question-and-answer basis, so who'd like to start? Pat? PAT Yes, there's something I’ve been wondering about: will my choice affect my career [………………………………]? TUTOR Well, for most students the choice of Level One modules won t be [………………………………]in terms of a later career. In fact, many [………………………………]level jobs will accept graduates from a range of degree courses. Employers will often be at least as interested in how well a student has [………………………………]academically, and how the whole experience of university has [………………………………]the student as a person, as in the detail of the course options chosen. Selecting modules that will interest you and in which you think you will be [………………………………]successful is therefore also likely to make good [………………………………]in career terms. On certain degree courses, though, module choice can be [………………………………]. This applies mainly to [………………………………]courses where the degree confers an [………………………………]professional training as well as university education. Usually the modules students are required to take will include all those [………………………………]to meet those professional requirements. Your academic [………………………………], in this case Chemical and Process Engineering, and the university's Careers Service will be able to [………………………………]you, and will be pleased to help you sort out anything you’re not certain about. pat Right. RAJAV I'd like to ask a few things about the Applied [………………………………]Engineering module. TUTOR Fine. What would you like to know? RAJAV Well, apart from the work on [………………………………]engineering, what other topics are [………………………………]? TUTOR Some that might surprise you. One that students always seem to like includes interviewing [………………………………], presentation skills and producing written reports. RAJAV Hmm … they sound interesting. How are they taught? TUTOR Through [………………………………], practical classes and personal [………………………………]. Applied Chemical Engineering lasts all year of course, so there's plenty of time. RAJAV And what about [………………………………]? TUTOR Through project work, usually, or [………………………………]. Not exams as such. RAJAV Is that the same for the Information Technology part of the module? TUTOR Yes, things like word processing and learning to create [………………………………]are tested in a similar way on this [………………………………]. SONIA That's not the case in some other modules, is it? TUTOR No, it isn't. Are you thinking of any in particular? SONIA Yes, I'm considering doing Fluid Mechanics. The work on flow analysis looks interesting and I like the look of some of the other topics, too. So how is that module [………………………………]? TUTOR That's one of those which still uses written exams. The sit-down, formal type I'm [………………………………]! SONIA Oh that doesn't matter. 1 quite like that kind as it happens. TUTOR Pat, you've got a question. PAT Yes, I was wondering about Science I in Chemical Engineering. How is that [………………………………]? It's a bit different from other modules isn't it? TUTOR Yes, it aims to give the necessary basis of [………………………………]and [………………………………]for those students who haven't studied the [………………………………]subject at A level or equivalent. In practice it means that students who have already studied [………………………………]are excused the physics [………………………………], while those who've done [………………………………]are exempt from attending the biology lectures. In the second part of the module you're [………………………………]on your project work in one of those subjects. PAT And does the teaching [………………………………]differ, too? TUTOR Yes, particularly in one respect: you are [………………………………]to learn by working out the solutions to problems for yourself. PAT I like the sound of that. TUTOR OK, anything else? SONIA Yes, I believe it's possible to do a modern language as part of the course. Can you tell me a bit about the [………………………………]1A module? TUTOR Certainly. The main emphasis in 1A is on understanding and speaking, but students also learn to carry out some [………………………………]reading and writing tasks. Basic aspects of grammar are also introduced and [………………………………]. The module comprises [………………………………]hours of class contact, mainly in tutorial groups of sixteen to twenty, and students are expected to do [………………………………]sixty-four hours of [………………………………]study. SONIA It sounds interesting. I did some Spanish at the Cervantes Institute last year. Passed an exam, in fact. TUTOR Ah, I'm afraid that means you can't do 1 A. The regulations say'this module may NOT be taken by students with a [………………………………]in Spanish'. Though you could do IB …
Section 4 LECTURER Lake Acraman in South Australia is Armageddon for the [………………………………]. No other [………………………………]impact on Earth has [………………………………]the surrounding rocks with such an [………………………………], unequivocal geological record of [………………………………], earthquake, wind, fire and [………………………………]– the giant waves formed by major earth movements. The story it tells is [………………………………], without dying dinosaurs or even Bruce Willis to complicate its simple message of [………………………………]. First, the numbers: about [………………………………]years ago, a rocky meteorite more than 4 kilometres across and travelling at around [………………………………]an hour slammed into an area of red [………………………………]rock about 430 kilometres northwest of Adelaide. Within seconds the meteorite [………………………………]in a ball of fire, carving out a crater about 4 kilometres deep and 40 kilometres in [………………………………]and spawning earthquakes fierce enough to raise 100-metre-high tsunamis in a shallow sea [………………………………]away. Ancient, stable and [………………………………], the [………………………………]of Australia preserves some of the most [………………………………]impact craters in the world. Acraman is not one of them. Half a billion years of [………………………………]has taken its toll. A salt pan surrounded by low hills is all that remains to mark the site of the [………………………………]. The true nature of the place dawned on [………………………………]George Williams of Adelaide University in 1979. [………………………………]at a sheaf of newly acquired satellite images, he saw the small, [………………………………]shape of Lake Acraman surrounded by a ring of [………………………………]and low [………………………………]40 km across, and an outer ring twice this size. A year later he made it to the site. On islands near the centre of the lake, Williams found bedrock [………………………………]in a conical pattern that experts consider a sure sign of a meteorite impact. Except for a crater, which had long since [………………………………], the area was a textbook example of an impact site. In [………………………………]further [………………………………]evidence turned up. Vic Gostin, another [………………………………]geologist, had been studying a thin band of [………………………………]red volcanic rock in 600-million-year- old shale in the Flinders Ranges, more than 300 kilometres east of Acraman. To his [………………………………], the volcanic chunks turned out to be a billion years older than the shale. Where had they come from? Comparing samples, Gostin and Williams found that their rocks were [………………………………]: the red rock in the Flinders Ranges had been [………………………………]there from Acraman. Later, the same material turned up at sites 500 km from Acraman. LECTURER Everywhere, the bands of fragments showed the same structure: [………………………………]pebbles at the bottom, then a [………………………………]of silt and sand, then layers of increasingly fine sand [………………………………]on top into a wavy, [………………………………]pattern. These layers also show, step by step, how the meteorite transformed the floor of an ancient sea hundreds of kilometres away, according to Malcolm Wallace of Melbourne University. First came the [………………………………]. Travelling at about 3 kilometres a second, shock waves arrived [………………………………]within a minute or two of the [………………………………], stirring up the water with clouds of silt as the seabed shook. Then shattered rock from the explosion arrived by air. [………………………………]and [………………………………]crashed into the water, reaching a depth of about [………………………………]within a minute. One day they would become the lower band of the Flinders rock. Sand took up to an hour to come to rest, finally bedding down with the silt that was also now settling on the sea floor as the effects of the earthquake died away. This mixture would eventually form the next layer. About an hour after the [………………………………]impact, huge waves [………………………………]in, leaving the [………………………………]on the surface that later hardened into rock. 'Clear as mud’ is not an [………………………………]. In Acraman, the arid timeless Australian Outback has [………………………………]the closest thing the Earth can boast to a perfect pockmark – the pinnacle of [………………………………].
Practice every day to improve your IELTS listening skills. Don’t forget to visit IELTS Material website on a daily basis to find more practice tests for every skill in the IELTS Test. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Have Egg On Your Face – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:00 AM PDT Have Egg On Your Face – Idiom Of The Day For IELTS Speaking.Definition: be left feeling stupid or embarrassed because of something you did Example: “I had egg on my face because of all the stupid things that I did when I was drunk last night.” “If you don’t stop shouting angrily at your colleagues, you definitely have egg on your face. “ “After Jan’s private video has uploaded on Youtube, she has egg on her face when somebody talks about it” Exercise:
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IELTS Writing Practice Test 9 From IELTS Practice Plus 03 Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:00 AM PDT IELTS Writing Task 1:Identifying the illustration: Process INTRODUCTION Paraphrase the question – using the different words to describe what kind of information the diagram shows BODY [1] First stage : Hang out the hide on a line => Dry [2] Transported by lorry => processing [3] Submerged in vats of soap and water => washed + soaked in lime [4] Sent to a large rolling machine => smoothed and flattened [5] Submerged in a liquid called tannin [6] small rollers are moved over the surface => produce a shine [7] transported to a different factory => leather productsBAND 8.0+ SAMPLE ANSWER: The diagram shows the different stages in the process of converting an animal hide into leather goods. The first stage is to hang out the hide on a line, in the open air to dry. After this, it is transported by lorry to the factory for processing. On arrival, it is submerged in vats of soap and water, and washed and then transferred to another vat where it is soaked in lime. Having been cleaned in this way, the hide is then sent to a large rolling machine where it is smoothed and flattened. In the next stage, it is submerged in a liquid called tannin, which is a mixture of vegetable matter and water. This is followed by the polishing stage where small rollers are moved over the surface to produce a shine. The leather is then transported to a different factory where it is manufactured into the leather products we see in the shops, for example, shoes, handbags and sports equipment. (163 words) Useful vocabulary
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